Dermatitis overview

Learning objectives
Introduction
Stages of dermatitis
Histology
Management of dermatitis
Activity

Learning objectives

• Describe acute and chronic dermatitis
• Outline general management of dermatitis

Introduction

Dermatitis and eczema are words that are often used interchangeably to describe a variety of distinct skin conditions in which there is epidermal and dermal inflammation and nearly always intense itching.

It is useful to distinguish ‘acute’, ‘subacute’ and ‘chronic’ forms of eczema.

Stages of dermatitis

Acute dermatitis
Acute dermatitis is characterised by erythema, vesiculation and oozing, often with oedema.

Acute dermatitis

Subacute dermatitis
Subacute dermatitis is similar to acute dermatitis, but with scaling and crusting.

Subacute dermatitis

Chronic dermatitis
Chronic dermatitis is characterised by thickened dry patches, often lichenified from chronic rubbing (increased skin markings). Lichenification is often predominantly follicular in pigmented skin.

Chronic dermatitis

Lichen simplex
Lichen simplex chronicus describes localised patches of lichenification because of rubbing and scratching; the patches become increasingly itchy so it is difficult to stop scratching. It may be a complication of atopic dermatitis. Well-defined papules and bumpy thickened plaques are found most often in adults on the nape of the neck, occipital scalp, lower legs, forearms, vulva or scrotum. Widespread lichen simplex is often called neurodermatitis.

Lichen simplex

Upper back

Scrotum

Leg

Prurigo
Prurigo refers to skin lesions (papules or nodules) that itch intensely. It includes:

• Some forms of atopic dermatitis
• Papular urticaria (insect bites)
• Scabies
• Dermatitis herpetiformis (gluten sensitive)
• Actinic prurigo (induced by exposure to ultraviolet radiation)
• Prurigo mitis (small spots)
• Prurigo nodularis (large ones)

Prurigo

Prurigo due to insect bites

Widespread nodular prurigo

Close-up of excoriated nodular prurigo

Autosensitisation dermatitis
Autosensitisation dermatitis is the rash that appears on the trunk and limbs due to generalisation of a previously localised condition such as asteatotic or venous eczema. It may appear similar to nummular dermatitis and can be intensely pruritic, requiring systemic steroids for control. An id reaction is autosensitisation dermatitis arising in response to a fungal infection.

Autosensitisation dermatitis

Histology of eczema

Histologically, dermatitis is characterised by inflammation of the epidermis and epidermis i.e perivascular lymphohistocytic infiltrate. The hallmark of acute dermatitis is spongiosis (intraepidermal vesicles). As eczema becomes more chronic, there is tendency for it to become more acanthotic (thickened epidermis) and less spongiotic.

Histology of eczema

Low-power view

Spongiosis

Dermal inflammatory infiltrate

Management of dermatitis

Management of dermatitis involves:

• Emollients to relieve itch and dryness
• Antipruritic cooling lotions containing 0.5% menthol / camphor
• Topical steroids for short courses or intermittently for flare-ups
• Coal tar, ichthammol or zinc paste
• Topical calcineurin preparations
• Oral antibiotics for secondary infection
• Behavioural changes to reduce rubbing and scratching
• Occlusive bandages
• Oral sedative antihistamines to help sleep.
• Sometimes, oral corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents such as ciclosporin or azathioprine

Activity

When is scratching just a bad habit, and can it be avoided?

 

Page 2 of 13. Next topic: Atopic dermatitis. Back to: Dermatitis course contents.