Mole

What is a mole?

A mole is a common benign skin lesion due to a local proliferation of pigment cells (melanocytes). It is more correctly called a melanocytic naevus (American spelling ‘nevus’) and is sometimes also called a naevocytic naevus. A brown or black mole contains the pigment melanin, so may also be called a pigmented naevus.

A mole can be present at birth (congenital naevus) or appear later (acquired naevus). There are various kinds of congenital and acquired naevi (American spelling 'nevi').

Who gets moles?

Almost everyone has at least one mole.

• About 1% of individuals are born with one or more congenital melanocytic naevi. This is usually sporadic, with rare instances of familial congenital naevi.
• Fair-skinned people tend to have more moles than darker skinned people.
• Moles that appear during childhood (aged 2 to 10 years) tend to be the most prominent and persistent moles throughout life.
• Moles that are acquired later in childhood or adult life often follow sun exposure.

Most white-skinned New Zealanders have 20–50 moles.

What causes moles?

Although the exact reason for the local proliferation of naevus cells is unknown, it is clear that the number of moles a person has depends on genetic factors, on sun exposure, and on immune status.

• People with many moles tend to have family members that also have many moles, and their moles may have a similar appearance.
• Somatic mutations in RAS genes are associated with congenital melanocytic naevi.
• New melanocytic naevi may erupt following the use of BRAF inhibitor drugs (vemurafenib, dabrafenib).
• People living in Australia and New Zealand have many more naevi than their relatives residing in Northern Europe.
• Immunosuppressive treatment leads to an increase in numbers of naevi.

What are the clinical features of moles?

Moles vary widely in clinical, dermatoscopic and histological appearance.

• They may arise on any part of the body.
• Moles differ in appearance depending on the body site of origin.
• They may be flat or protruding.
• They vary in colour from pink or flesh tones to dark brown, steel blue, or black.
• Light skinned individuals tend to have light-coloured moles and dark-skinned individuals tend to have dark brown or black moles.
• Although mostly round or oval in shape, moles are sometimes unusual shapes.
• They range in size from a couple of millimetres to several centimetres in diameter.

Classification of melanocytic naevi

Congenital melanocytic naevus

Congenital melanocytic naevi are classified according to their actual or predicted adult size in maximum dimension and on specific characteristics.

Congenital melanocytic naevi

Small congenital naevus	Medium congenital naevus	Giant naevus	Hairy congenital naevus
Small congenital naevus is < 1.5 cm diameter.	Medium congenital naevi are 1.5–19.9 cm diameter.	A large or giant congenital melanocytic naevus is ≥ 20 cm	Hairy congenital naevi grow thick long hairs.
Café au lait macule	Speckled lentiginous naevus	Naevus of Ota	Mongolian spot
Café au lait macule is a flat brown patch.	Speckled lentiginous naevus is a flat brown patch with darker spots.	Naevus of Ota is a bluish brown mark around forehead, eye and cheek.	Mongolian spot is a large bluish mark most often seen on buttocks of a newborn.

The pathological classification of melanocytic naevi relates to where naevus cells are found in the skin.

Junctional naevus	Dermal naevus	Compound naevus	Combined naevus
A junctional naevus has groups or nests of naevus cells at the junction of the epidermis and the dermis. A flat mole.	A dermal or intradermal naevus has naevus cell nests in the dermis. A papule, plaque or nodule with a pedunculated, papillomatous (Unna naevus) or smooth surface (Miescher naevus).	A compound naevus has nests of naevus cells at the epidermal-dermal junction as well as within the dermis. A central raised area surrounded by a flat patch.	A combined naevus has two distinct types of mole within the same lesion – usually blue naevus and compound naevus.

See more images of moles.

Dermatoscopy has given rise to a new classification based on the pigment patterns of melanocytic naevi. Examples include:

Dermatoscopic patterns of melanocytic naevi

Reticular naevus	Globular naevus	Blue naevus	Starburst naevus
Reticular naevus reveals a lattice of intersecting brown lines.	Globular naevus characteristically shows aggregated brown oval structures.	The blue naevus is a uniform structureless lesion, steel blue in colour.	Starburst naevus reveals radial lines around the periphery of the lesion.
Site-related naevus: facial	Site-related naevus: acral	Naevus with special features	Unclassifiable naevus
Facial naevi reveal pseudonetwork around hair follicles	Acral naevi (these are on palms and soles) tend to be made up of parallel lines.	Naevi with special features include eczematised naevus (illustrated), irritated naevi and halo naevi.	The unclassifiable naevus doesn't have any of the other patterns.

Acquired melanocytic naevus

Ordinary moles that appear after birth may be referred to as acquired naevi. Acquired melanocytic naevi are given a variety of names and there is considerable overlap of descriptions.

Signature naevi are the predominant group of naevi in an individual with multiple moles.

Signature naevi

Solid brown naevus	Solid pink naevus	Eclipse naevus	Cockade naevus
Solid brown naevi have uniform brown pigmentation.	Solid pink naevi are seen in fair-skinned individuals and lack melanin pigmentation.	Eclipse naevus has a ring, or segment of a ring, of darker pigment around a tan or pink centre. Often found in the scalp.	Cockade, or naevus en cocarde/cockade, has a central dark naevus surrounded by concentric circles of light and dark pigmentation like a rosette.
Naevus with perifollicular hypopigmentation	Fried-egg naevus	Lentiginous naevus	Naevus with eccentric pigmentation
Naevi with perifollicular hypopigmentation have white spots around each hair. Easier to see by dermoscopy.	Fried-egg naevus is a compound naevus with a flat rim of pigment around a bumpy central portion – the bump can be lighter or darker than the pigmented rim.	Lentiginous naevi are small, dark brown or black, flat lesions, often with a slightly paler rim – people with multiple lentiginous naevi have been said to have cheetah phenotype.	The Bolognia sign refers to a harmless, small area of darker colour on one side of the naevus.

Uncommon types of melanocytic naevi include:

• Spitz naevus or epithelioid cell naevus: a pink (classic Spitz) or brown (pigmented Spitz) dome-shaped mole that arises in children and young adults.
• Reed naevus: darkly pigmented type of Spitz naevus with starburst dermatoscopic pattern
• Agminated naevi: a cluster of similar moles
• Kissing naevus: adjacent melanocytic naevi on upper and lower eyelids, due to naevus formation prior to separation of eyelids in utero.

The term atypical naevus may be used in several ways.

• A benign mole that has some clinical or histopathological characteristics of melanoma
• A mole with specific characteristics: large (> 5 mm); ill-defined or irregular borders; varying shades of colour; with flat and bumpy components.
• Or, any funny-looking mole; large, or different from the patient’s other moles.

Atypical naevi usually occur in fair-skinned individuals and are due to sun exposure. They may be solitary or numerous. Pathology is reported as dysplastic junctional or compound naevus and has specific histological features (the Clark naevus).

Acquired melanocytic naevi

Common naevus	Naevus in dark skin	Atypical naevus	Dysplastic naevus
A common naevus is a flat mole with a single uniform colour.	In dark skin, naevi are often black in colour.	People with multiple atypical naevi are at increased risk of melanoma (cancerous mole).	Dysplastic naevus describes an atypical mole that has specific microscopic criteria.
Blue naevus	Cellular naevus	Miescher naevus	Unna naevus
Blue naevus is a deeply pigmented type of dermal naevus.	Cellular naevus is a non-pigmented dermal naevus.	Miescher naevus is a dome-shaped smooth dermal naevus often found on the face.	Unna naevus is a papillomatous dermal naevus that is in the shape of a raspberry.
Meyerson naevus	Halo naevus	Spitz naevus	Reed naevus
Meyerson naevus is a naevus affected by a halo of eczema/dermatitis.	Halo naevus or Sutton naevus has a white halo around the mole. The mole gradually fades away over several years.	Spitz naevus or epithelioid cell naevus is a pink (classic Spitz) or brown (pigmented Spitz) dome-shaped mole that arises in children and young adults.	Reed or spindle cell naevus is a very dark-coloured mole with spindle-shaped dermal melanocytes, usually found on the limbs.
Recurrent naevus	Agminated naevus	Acral naevus	Nail unit naevus
Recurrent naevus refers to the reappearance of pigment in a scar following surgical removal of a mole – this may have an odd shape.	An agminated naevus is a cluster of similar moles or freckles.	Acral naevus refers to one on the palm or sole.	Nail unit naevus causes a uniform longitudinal band of pigment on a nail. Image credit © Dr Ph Abimelec – dermatologue

See more images of halo naevi.

See more images of atypical naevi.

What are the complications of moles?

People worry about moles because they have heard about melanoma, a malignant proliferation of melanocytes that is the most common reason for death from skin cancer.

• At first, melanoma may look similar to a harmless mole, but in time it becomes more disordered in structure and tends to enlarge.
• People with a greater number of moles have a higher risk of developing melanoma than those with few moles, especially if they have over 100 of them.

Moles sometimes change for other reasons than melanoma, for example following sun exposure or during pregnancy. They can enlarge, regress or involute (disappear).

• A Meyerson naevus is itchy and dry because it is surrounded by eczema.
• A Sutton or halo naevus is surrounded by a white patch and fades away over several years
• A recurrent naevus is one that appears in a scar following surgical removal of a mole — this may have an odd shape.

How is a mole diagnosed?

Moles are usually diagnosed clinically by their typical appearance. If there is any doubt about the diagnosis, an expert may be consulted in person or with the help of clinical and dermatoscopic images. This is especially important if:

• A mole changes size, shape, structure or colour
• A new mole develops in adult life (> 40 years)
• It appears different from the person’s other moles (a so-called ugly duckling)
• It has ABCD characteristics (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Colour variation, Diameter > 6 mm)
• It is bleeding, crusted or itchy.

Most skin lesions with these characteristics are actually harmless when evaluated by an expert using dermatoscopy. Short-term digital dermatoscopic imaging may be used in equivocal flat lesions to check for change over time.

Naevi that remain suspicious for melanoma are excised for histopathology (diagnostic biopsy). A partial biopsy is not recommended, as it may miss an area of cancerous change.

What is the treatment for moles?

Most moles are harmless and can be safely left alone. Moles may be removed in the following circumstances:

• To exclude cancer
• The mole is a nuisance: perhaps irritated by clothing, comb or razor
• Cosmetic reasons: the mole is unsightly.

Surgical techniques include:

• Excision biopsy of a flat or suspicious mole
• Shave biopsy of a protruding mole
• Electrosurgical destruction
• Laser to lessen pigment or remove coarse hair.

Can moles be prevented?

The number of moles can be minimised by strict protection from the sun, starting from birth. Sunscreen alone is not sufficient to prevent new moles from appearing.

At any age, sun protection is important to reduce skin ageing and the risk of skin cancer.

• In New Zealand, the SunSmart Sun Protection Alert advises when protection is required.
• Cover up. Wear a hat, long sleeves and long skirt or trousers. Choose fabrics designed for the sun (UPF 40+) when outdoors.
• Apply sunscreen to areas you can't cover. Choose broad-spectrum high protection (SPF 50+) sunscreens, applied frequently to exposed areas.

What is the outlook for moles?

Most moles that appear in childhood remain forever. Teenagers and young adults tend to have the greatest number of moles. There are fewer in later life because some of them slowly fade away.

To increase the chance of spotting melanoma early, recommend:

• Self-skin examination monthly
• Significant changes in moles or new lesions are reported to doctor or dermatologist
• Regular skin examinations in patients with many moles, atypical naevi or previous skin cancer
• Total body photography and digital dermatoscopic imaging (mole mapping) for patients at high risk of melanoma, especially if they have many moles.