Heberden and Bouchard nodes

What are Heberden and Bouchard nodes?

A Heberden node describes a bony swelling of the distal interphalangeal finger joint. It is a sign of osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease.

A Bouchard node is a similar swelling affecting the proximal interphalangeal finger joint [1].

Heberden and Bouchard nodes in a patient with osteoarthritis.

Heberden node

Heberden node

Who gets Heberden and Bouchard nodes?

Heberdon and Bouchard nodes are equally common in males and females of all races.

• They are common in older individuals. However, more than half of the patients with Heberden nodes and osteoarthritis are diagnosed before the age of 65 years [2].
• Bouchard nodes are less common than Heberden nodes and are associated with more severe arthritis.
• The presence of the nodes is strongly familial [1].
• More than 60% of patients with osteoarthritis of the knees have Heberden nodes [3]. 

What causes Heberden and Bouchard nodes?

Heberdon and Bouchard nodes are due to exostosis — a bony enlargement — and are a sign of osteoarthritis. The cause of osteoarthritis is not fully understood. There is a genetic contribution to the presence of nodes [1].

Osteoarthritis is considered a sign of 'wear and tear'. The earliest structural abnormalities in osteoarthritis are evident in the ligaments supporting the joints [4]. The cartilage of the joints breaks down, osteophytes (bone spurs) develop, and the ends of the bones rub against each other. 

Inflammation in the nodes is due to friction-induced capsular rupture and synovial leakage [1].

What are the clinical features of Heberden and Bouchard nodes?

A Heberden node is a bony swelling of a distal interphalangeal joint and a Bouchard node is a bony swelling of the proximal interphalangeal joint.

• Bony swelling can affect either the lateral or midline aspects of the joint or both [1].
• Multiple nodes can be present on one digit [2].
• The nodes can affect one or many digits.
• They most often affect the middle finger or thumb of both hands.
• They may grow slowly or rapidly.
• The nodes may become inflamed and painful but are often painless and unnoticed.
• A Heberden node may be associated with a digital myxoid pseudocyst.

As well as affecting fingertips, osteoarthritis causes discomfort, pain and stiffness in other joints of the hands, the knees, hips, and spine.

Heberdon node and myxoid pseudocyst

How are Heberden and Bouchard nodes diagnosed?

The diagnosis of Heberden or Bouchard node is usually made clinically due to their characteristic appearance. Imaging may be performed on the affected digit.

• Ultrasound scanning reveals osteophytes and synovitis [5].
• An X-ray of the affected joint often shows radiological distal interphalangeal osteophytes. Osteophytes are more common in patients that present with inflammatory arthritis [6].
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may confirm the diagnosis of arthritis in the affected digit. Heberden and Bouchard node formation is associated with soft tissue bulging through the capsule between the dorsal tendons and collateral ligaments. Ligamentous change can be seen in adjacent but clinically normal joints [7].

Histological examination of Heberden or Bouchard node is not commonly undertaken. It may show the presence of osteophytes and dorsal contractures.

X-ray of Heberden and Bouchard nodes

What is the differential diagnosis for Heberden and Bouchard nodes?

The differential diagnosis of a Heberden or Bouchard node includes [5]:

• Knuckle pad
• Swelling of the proximal interphalangeal joint due to rheumatoid arthritis
• Rheumatoid nodule
• Gouty tophus
• Osler nodes and Janeway lesions
• Synovial ganglion cyst
• Giant cell tumour of tendon sheath
• Neurofibroma
• Foreign body.

How are Heberden and Bouchard nodes treated?

There is no specific treatment to repair the Heberden and Bouchard node.

Treatment for osteoarthritis may include lifestyle changes such as exercise, weight loss, low-inflammatory diet, heat bags and cold compresses.

Medical treatments include pain relief and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [8].

Some patients with osteoarthritis may require surgery to repair or replace one or more joints.