Introduction
Oral hygiene products include toothpaste, dental floss, denture cleansers and mouthwashes. Contact reactions to oral hygiene products affect all age groups.
Toothpaste consists of flavourings, preservatives, colouring agents, abrasives, detergents, binding agents, humectants, antiseptics, antacids and fluoride salts. Flavourings are the major cause of allergic contact reactions to toothpaste and there is considerable overlap with foods.
Toothpaste and other oral hygiene products can cause cheilitis (inflamed lips) and stomatitis (inflamed mouth). Specific conditions include:
- Allergic contact cheilitis
- Irritant contact cheilitis
- Contact stomatitis
- Perioral eczematous dermatitis due to contact allergic dermatitis or contact irritant dermatitis
- Contact leukoderma
- Contact urticaria
- Discolouration of teeth.
Such reactions are however fortunately rare considering how commonly and frequently these products are used.
Allergic contact reactions to oral hygiene products
Who gets allergic contact reactions to oral hygiene products?
Allergy to oral hygiene ingredients is rare, probably due to the rinsing after use. Approximately 30 allergens have been identified in toothpaste and these are present in most.
Females present more commonly than males with a contact allergic reaction to toothpaste and other oral hygiene products. This may be due to women becoming sensitised first to other products containing fragrances and perfumes.
Overall toothpaste is the second commonest cause of contact cheilitis after lipsticks, but the commonest cause in males.
Clinical presentation
| Reaction | Description |
|---|---|
| Cheilitis | Contact allergy to oral hygiene products usually presents as eczematous cheilitis affecting both lips. Dryness, itch, pain and blistering may also be described. |
| Stomatitis | Contact stomatitis to oral hygiene products is a less common presentation than cheilitis despite the products being used inside the mouth rather than on the lips. The presentation may be acute or chronic. The reaction tends to be generalised, affecting the gums (gingivitis), tongue (glossitis) and inside of the cheeks when due to a toothpaste or mouthwash. Burning pain in the mouth may be described and on examination, there is usually redness with swelling and peeling of the gums, tongue and/or inside of the cheeks. |
| Perioral eczema and contact leukoderma | Sometimes the allergic reaction extends beyond the lips onto the surrounding skin, presenting as eczema around the mouth (perioral eczema). Perioral leukoderma, whitening of the skin around the mouth, has been reported due to cinnamic aldehyde present in the patient's toothpaste. |
| Contact urticaria | Contact urticaria usually presents as immediate swelling of the lips following contact with the allergen. This has been reported due to cinnamic aldehyde present in a mouthwash used by the patient. However, repeated exposure to a low concentration of the allergen can also result in eczematous cheilitis, despite being due to an immediate type I reaction. Such a situation has been reported due to the mint flavouring in a toothpaste. Subsequent exposure to a mint-flavoured dental cleaner at the dentist resulted in immediate lip swelling. |
How is contact allergy to oral hygiene products diagnosed?
Patch testing is the first investigation for suspected contact allergy. Baseline standard series are often not helpful in diagnosing contact allergy to dental hygiene products as the common allergens present in these products are not included. Therefore it is important to add an extended toothpaste series and the patient's own products.
There is some discussion in the literature about patch testing with toothpaste ‘as is’ because of irritant reactions to the detergents and abrasives. However, some studies report it is possible to distinguish irritant and allergic patch test reactions to toothpaste. The advantage of testing with the patient's own product is that in a significant proportion of cases, the only positive reaction is to the product. However, patch testing to the product may give a false-negative result if the allergen is present in low concentrations.
Some authors recommend confirming the product patch test results using a start-restart test or repeated open application test (ROAT).
Toothpaste companies usually co-operate with dermatologists, providing further information about their product so the allergen can be identified.
Testing can also be useful in identifying alternative products that are likely to be safe to use for the patient.
The cause of an immediate (type I) reaction (contact urticaria) is identified by skin prick/scratch testing. However, the low concentration of the allergen in a product may be too low to give a positive reaction. In one case, prick testing with a mint leaf was positive, but a negative reaction was seen with the patient's mint-flavoured toothpaste.
The ultimate test is ceasing the suspected product and noting the improvement over several weeks.
What is the treatment for contact reactions to oral hygiene products?
As in all forms of contact allergy, the best treatment is the avoidance of the product and allergen if identified. The reaction should resolve within a few weeks.
Allergens reported in oral hygiene products
Toothpaste
Flavourings in toothpaste give the ‘fresh clean taste’ and cover the bitter taste of pyrophosphates in tartar-control toothpaste. And these are the commonest ingredients that cause contact allergy. The most common responsible substances derive from the mint plant:
- Spearmint
- Peppermint
- Menthol
- Carvone.
Other allergens reported include:
- Cinnamal – flavouring derived from cinnamon
- Anethole – flavouring derived from star anise, fennel and anise
- Propolis – antiseptic
- Hexylresorcinol – plaque control
- Azulene – anti-inflammatory
- Dipentene – solvent used in cleaning products
- Cocamidopropyl betaine – surfactant
- Parabens – preservative
- Fluoride salts.
Dental floss
The common allergens found in dental floss are colophony (E915) and flavourings.
Mouthwashes
Many of the same allergens are found in mouthwashes as toothpaste, added for the ‘fresh clean taste’ flavouring. Cocamidopropyl betaine in a ‘2-in-1 toothpaste-mouthwash’ has been reported to cause allergic cheilitis.
Denture cleaner
Denture cleaner has very rarely been reported to cause contact allergy. However, the use of a denture cleaner containing ammonium persulphate on a well-worn acrylic denture was reported to cause allergic contact cheilitis, as the persulfate adsorbed to the porous denture with the slow subsequent release.
Irritant contact reactions to oral hygiene products
Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) is a common detergent and surfactant present in toothpaste. It promotes the formation of lather and may have some antimicrobial effect. As it is a detergent it can cause irritant contact dermatitis, especially of the perioral skin. Several studies suggest SLS may increase the frequency of attacks of aphthous ulcers in those prone to getting them, although one study failed to show any improvement after changing to a toothpaste not containing SLS.
Irritant contact cheilitis may also be caused by the high concentration of pyrophosphates in tartar-control toothpaste.
Discolouration of teeth due to oral hygiene products
Chlorhexidine is a common ingredient of mouthwashes as it kills bacteria. Prolonged use of a chlorhexidine-containing mouthwash can cause discolouration of the teeth and dental restorations. Chlorhexidine can also affect the sensation of taste.