Why is hand care necessary?

Good hygiene practice and prevention of cross-infection are essential for healthcare workers working in hospitals, clinics, rest care facilities and private homes. Hand care is necessary because healthcare workers are prone to hand dermatitis mostly due to contact with irritants during frequent hand washing or cleaning using aggressive disinfectants and detergents. The use of surgical gloves may also cause dermatitis in some individuals.

Exposure to irritants at home or during recreation may exacerbate the problem. Chemicals, extremes of temperature and humidity, mechanical injury (eg, rough surfaces and friction), plants, paints, some foods and ultraviolet radiation may injure the skin.

The skin barrier may be disrupted by:

• Short, infrequent exposure to strong irritants, and,
• Regular repetitive exposure to less damaging irritants.

Disruption of the skin barrier manifests as frank eczema or irritant contact dermatitis. Damaged skin is then susceptible to secondary bacterial infection and development of allergies (contact allergic dermatitis), aside from being itchy, sore and less supple.

Dermatitis is most likely in those with pre-existing sensitive skin or who have atopic dermatitis in other sites.

Hand dermatitis

Hand dermatitis

Hand dermatitis

Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are the usual causes of a bacterial infection. Hand dermatitis and wet work also predispose to yeast infection, generally presenting as paronychia infected by Candida albicans or as intertrigo between the fingers, and can be confused with tinea manuum (a type of fungal infection).

Staphylococcal infected eczema

Paronychia

Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica

Hand skin preservation tips

Sanitisers

Evidence-based Cochrane reviews reveal that alcohol-based hand rubs are superior to regular hand washing for reducing transmission of diseases in hospitals and healthcare services. They can also minimise irritation compared with soap and water.

• At work, choose a colourless, alcohol-based hand cleanser without fragrances and perfumes.
• Wash with soap and water only when the skin visibly soiled or contaminated with blood or other body fluids.
• Note that cream cleansers are not antimicrobial; soap and water or a sanitiser is needed for washing hands in order to destroy pathogens such as the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for COVID-19.

Gloves

Gloves provide some barrier for the skin, but no one glove will resist all chemicals indefinitely. Choosing the right glove design and construction will give the best protection, provided it also fits well. Similarly, protection against mechanical risk varies with different gloves providing different strengths of abrasion, blade cut, tear and puncture resistance.

• Latex gloves provide the best protection against viruses for healthcare workers.
• Non-powdered gloves are less irritating and drying than powdered gloves.
• Nitrile gloves are a suitable alternative for people with latex allergy.
• Vinyl gloves are not suitable for healthcare workers in direct contact with bodily excretions.
• Avoid petroleum-based emollients under latex gloves as they weaken the rubber
• If wearing occlusive gloves for more than 20 minutes, use well-fitting cotton gloves beneath them to reduce irritation caused by sweating.

Healthcare facilities often have a health and safety officer with knowledge about suitable gloves. Safety shops also offer advice and a wide choice.

What investigations are appropriate in hand dermatitis?

If hand eczema is slow to improve, seek a referral to a dermatologist for patch tests. Patch tests help decide if a contact allergy is contributing. About 60% of patients with chronic hand eczema have one or more positive contact allergens on patch testing. Loss of barrier function due to irritant contact dermatitis increases the risk of developing a contact allergy.

Common occupational allergens in healthcare workers include nickel, perfume/fragrance, rubber antioxidants, antiseptics, antibacterial soap and preservatives.

Latex allergy results in immediate redness and swelling of the hands when donning gloves and is diagnosed by prick tests and specific IgE tests.

Hand dermatitis caused by gloves

Positive patch tests to the gloves

Positive patch test to thiuram, rubber antioxidant

What is the treatment for hand eczema?

Management of hand eczema entails:

• Minimising contact with irritants
• Avoiding known contact allergens
• Optimising skin barrier with suitable emollients during work and at home
• Courses of potent topical corticosteroids for flare-ups
• Antibiotics for secondary infection.