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Spotted fever group rickettsial disease

Author: Catriona Wootton, Dermatologist, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK, 2017. DermNet NZ Editor in Chief: Adjunct A/Prof Amanda Oakley, Dermatologist, Hamilton, New Zealand. Copy edited by Maria McGivern/Gus Mitchell. December 2017.


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What are the rickettsial diseases?

Rickettsia are small, obligate intracellular, Gram-negative bacteria that spend part of their life cycle in an arthropod host (eg, a tickfleabody louse, or mite). Humans are infected with the rickettsial organism either via a bite or contact with faeces from an infected arthropod. The disease that develops depends upon the specific bacterium transmitted. There are many different bacterial species classified within the rickettsial group and diverse clinical manifestations are seen that vary greatly in terms of severity. The majority of rickettsial diseases result in a rash and some will also result in a cutaneous eschar, aiding diagnosis.

What is spotted fever group rickettsial disease?

Spotted fever group rickettsial disease, or the rickettsial spotted fevers, include:

Rickettsial spotted fever

Who gets rickettsial spotted fevers?

As the rickettsial diseases are transmitted via arthropods, individuals at risk of infection are those who come into contact with the specific arthropod vectors. The rickettsial spotted fevers are transmitted by ticks, mites, and fleas, depending on the species. 

Classification and causes of rickettsial spotted fevers

Some of the most common rickettsial spotted fevers are listed below but many others exist. There are at least 14 species transmitted by ticks, one by mites and one by fleas. 

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)

RMSF (also known as Sao Paulo typhus, American spotted [or tick] fever, lone star spotted fever, and Columbian spotted fever) is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and distributed throughout the USA, Canada, Mexico, and South America. Rodents and dogs are the main animal hosts for ticks (Dermacentor spp., Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Amblyomma spp.) carrying the infection. RMSF most commonly occurs between May–September.

RMSF is a moderate to severe infection, featuring a widespread maculopapular rash that becomes petechial and purpuric with areas of necrosis. Abdominal pain, myalgia, and necrosis are also seen. The complications of RMSF include multisystem involvement, encephalitis, renal failure, amputation secondary to necrosis, hearing loss, and nerve damage. There is a significant mortality risk (up to 30%).

African tick typhus

African tick typhus is caused by Rickettsia africae and distributed throughout Sub-Saharan Africa and the West Indies. Cattle are the main hosts for ticks (Amblyomma spp.) carrying the infection. African tick typhus most commonly occurs in the November–April period.

African tick typhus is typically asymptomatic or mild in severity with a maculopapular or vesicular rash. Unusually, its eschars are often multiple and there may be clusters of people affected at the same time. 

The complications of African tick typhus include prolonged fever and reactive arthritis. The mortality risk is very low.

Boutonneuse fever 

Boutonneuse fever (also known as Mediterranean spotted [or tick] fever) is caused by Rickettsia conorii and is spread via tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) to rodents and dogs, its main animal hosts. It occurs throughout Southern Europe, Africa, Southern Russia, and Southern Asia and is most common between May–September period.

Boutonneuse fever is mild in severity, with a macular then maculopapular rash, and its mortality risk is low.

Rickettsialpox

Rickettsialpox (also known as Kew Gardens spotted fever and vesicular rickettsiosis) is caused by Rickettsia akari and spread to via house mouse mite (Liponyssoides sanguineus) to rodents. It occurs in the USA, South Africa, the Balkan states, and the Ukraine (mainly in urban locations) and often arises after the extermination of infected rodents as the mites seek new hosts.

Rickettsialpox is typically asymptomatic or mild, with a sparse papulovesicular rash. However, central nervous system features have been reported, such as a stiff neck and photophobia. The mortality risk with Rickettsialpox is very low.

Flea-borne spotted fever

Flea-borne spotted fever is caused by Rickettsia felis and is transmitted to its animal hosts, cats, dogs, and rodents, by cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) worldwide. 

Flea-borne spotted fever is probably mild in severity, with a generalised maculopapular rash. Its unusual features include emergent disease (only discovered in last 20 years); its cases being poorly characterised and currently under-appreciated.

The mortality risk for flea-borne spotted fever is probably low.

What are the clinical features of rickettsial spotted fevers?

The classical triad of symptoms in all rickettsial diseases is:

  • Fever
  • Severe headache
  • Myalgia (muscle pain).

Rash

  • The rash typically develops 3–6 days after the onset of illness.
  • It often starts on the patient's limbs and spreads to the trunk; the palms and soles of the feet may also be involved.
  • The rash is typically maculopapular but may also be vesicular.
  • Petechiae can occur and may lead to areas of necrosis.
  • A cutaneous eschar may be seen at the site of the tick or mite bite in some of the rickettsial diseases, typically 4–10 days after inoculation

What are the complications of rickettsial spotted fevers?

The severity of the rickettsial spotted fevers varies considerably. The complications seen include:

  • Abdominal pain
  • Necrosis that can lead to amputation
  • Inflammation of the lungs
  • Hypotension
  • Acute renal failure
  • Acute respiratory failure
  • Neurological damage
  • Shock and multisystem failure
  • Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).

How are rickettsial spotted fevers diagnosed?

The diagnosis of spotted fever group rickettsial disease is based on the clinical presentation and risk factors for exposure to ticks or mites. Laboratory confirmation can be difficult and includes:

  • Serology
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  • Cell culture

What is the differential diagnosis for rickettsial spotted fevers?

The differential diagnosis includes any disease causing rash, fever, and headache. These include:

The differential diagnosis for an eschar includes:

What is the treatment for rickettsial spotted fevers?

Rickettsial spotted fevers can be treated successfully with tetracycline antibiotics, especially doxycycline. Chloramphenicol is the second-line treatment option.

Prevention of rickettsial spotted fevers

No vaccines exist for rickettsial infections

Rickettsial infections can be prevented by taking measures to reduce exposure to ticks and mites. These measures include:

  • Applying an effective insect repellent, such as N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET)
  • Wearing long trousers, shoes, and socks in tick habitats
  • Regularly checking pets for ticks
  • Reducing domestic rodent populations.

What is the outcome of rickettsial spotted fevers?

The outcome very much depends on the type of spotted fever. RMSF is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease. The possible sequelae from RMSF include amputation due to necrosis, hearing loss, paralysis, and mental disability.

The other spotted fevers are generally much milder and, in some cases, patients may be asymptomatic.

 

References 

  • Aung AK, Spelman DW, Murray RJ, Graves S. Rickettsial infections in Southeast Asia: Implications for local populace and febrile returned travelers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91: 451–60. DOI: 10.4269/ajthh.14-0191. PubMed
  • Brown LD, Macaluso KR. Rickettsia felis, an emerging flea-borne rickettsiosis. Curr Trop Med Rep 2016; 3: 27–39. DOI: 10.1007/s40475-016-0070-6. PubMed Central
  • Crespo P, Seixas D, Marques N, Oliveira J, da Cunha S, Meliço-Silvestre A. Mediterranean spotted fever: case series of 24 years (1989–2012). SpringerPlus 2015; 4: 272. DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1042-3. PubMed Central.
  • Chikeka I, Dumler JS. Neglected bacterial zoonoses. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21: 404–15. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.022. Journal.
  • Parola P, Paddock CD, Socolovschi C, et al. Update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: A geographic approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26: 657–702. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00032-13. PubMed Central

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